Economic growth took off in the 1980s, and today China is a powerful global economic center. That is, the southern provinces of Misamis Oriental and Davao del Sur (Southern Group) adopt CS significantly more than the northern provinces of Cebu and Negros Oriental (Northern Group), which were less likely to adopt CS. Convergence and divergence, two opposite directions of language change, describe the increase and decrease in similarity between languages (cf.Auer at al. Baby Talk. Attempt to overdo efforts in regulating, modifying, and responding to others. The junior tries to talk in a respectful manner and a pretense to know many things to accommodate the senior and the senior tries to make the junior comfortable by accepting the respect. Define speech convergence and speech divergence. Different from convergence in that there are no attempts to display similarities in gestures, posture, speech rate, etc. -Interviewees often shift their speech rate and duration to sound likable to an interviewer. 2003. The Difference Between Convergence and Divergence Theories. The basic principles that were used include the convergence and divergence in communication, intercultural approach to interaction and exploration of human behavior including non-verbal communication, such us change in voice correlation and speech style. Convergence Versus Divergence Linguistic accommodation can be broken down into two categories – convergence and divergence. Language convergence is a type of linguistic change in which languages come to structurally resemble one another as a result of prolonged language contact and mutual interference, regardless of whether those languages belong to the same language family, i.e. By its very nature, dialect‐to‐standard convergence and the concomitant process of interdialectal leveling also implies certain processes of divergence… Convergence . Less frequently, accommodation may take the form of divergence , when a speaker signals social distance or disapproval by using a language variety that differs from the style of the other speaker. While linguistic convergence can be described as the linguistic manifestation of speakers adapting 'to the speech of others to reduce differences' (Siegel 1985: 367), divergence is the exploitation of differences, for example by using different features more often and thus making them more salient. READ: Rise of China. Like speech accommodation theory, communication accommodation theory continues to draw from social psychology, particularly from four main socio-psychology theories: similarity-attraction, social exchange, causal attribution and intergroup distinctiveness. Converged communications is the coming together, or convergence, of key communications services delivered over a single network. 1996 support the view by argues that convergence and divergence both simultaneously occur, only at different level of HRM system’s structure. It usually occurs after people leave a conversation thinking that they have reached agreement. stem from a common genealogical proto-language. Divergence is a linguistic strategy whereby a member of a speech community accentuates the linguistic differences between his ingroup and the respective outgroup of his interlocutor in order to preserve his positive ingroup identity, rather than accentuating ingroup similarities as in convergence. dialect divergence (or, rather, non-convergence). The theory originated to explore and account for how and why our speech changes in reference to a conversational partner and/or social contexts This can include modifications in accents, dialects, speech rate, slang and idioms, language, and other nonverbal … Attraction (likability, charisma, credibility), also triggers convergence. Giles contrasts convergence and divergence, two strategic forms of communication used to interact with diverse others. This reminded me of another fictional example of the same thing, and I'm sure that readers will come up with more. We've probably all begun a conversation with, “But I thought we said” or “I thought we agreed.”. Research Thesis (381.5Kb) Creators: Gonzalez, Roberto. While convergence constitutes a linguistic, i.e. map completion and picture matching) and in cross-linguistic conditions (e.g. Divergence theories emphasise the need to embrace different approaches to suit the specific circumstances of the organisation and the predominant national culture. The convergence theory on the other hand emphasises the fact that best practices exist that can yield remarkable results when applied across the board. Metadata Show full item record. September 20, 2020 by Dan Mitchell. convergence properties of training linear filters with the MEE criterion based on these two key points. Regional Cohesion: Evidence and Theories of Regional Growth and Convergence. It usually occurs after people leave a conversation thinking that they have reached agreement. Phonetic convergence in temporal organization during shadowed speech. Convergence is modelled on the association that all ER will converge or become uniform (Kerr et al 1960) throughout the globe. Convergence and divergence are most recognizable as core behavioral tenets of communication accommodation theory. Later, they are surprised by … Recall that once a con-tinuous and differentiable cost function is approximated by a quadratic form around the global optimum, the results from the theory of convergence … Convergence, Divergence, and Overaccommodation. Giles was particularly interested in the underlying thought processes and emotions that are involved in the use of convergence and divergence during conversations. Created by World History Project. 2005:1).The present study attempts to answer a set of questions concerning the internal mechanisms of a language contact situation and its effects, i.e. Budget 2021-22 – Points of Convergence and Divergence. linguistic convergence and divergence. strategy used to accentuate the verbal and nonverbal differences between communicators. phonetic convergence and divergence. 3. Speech divergence in sociolinguistics is the relative difference of pronunciation and diction in different regions and different social classes. Our Media Resources library provides one-stop collections of materials on numerous issues in which the FTC has been actively engaged. We've probably all begun a conversation with, “But I thought we said” or “I thought we agreed.”. Universalist paradigm concentrates on the management of HRM across various national borders. Later, they are surprised by … Keynote speech: Convergence and divergence – theoretical underpinnings Xavier Sala-i-Martin 7.1. While the process itself is automatic; the manner of not doing either does not exist, because one of the two is always being chosen. In this paper we look at convergence and divergence in intonation in the context of social qualities. Its accessible and non-technical approach assures its appeal … Keynote Speech: Convergence and Divergence—Theoretical Underpinnings. Several studies note people’s reactions to language convergence or divergence and show that even a minor speech divergence yields negative effects. The -Females may use communication convergence in order to "say the right thing" and to "fit in" among organizational superiors, usually males - a potentially double bind ("speak like a man, but act like a lady"). Keywords: Phonetic convergence temporal organization phonetics. View/ Open. The language policies adopted, imposed, or rejected in minority language media highlight the complexities of multilingualism and its regulation or ordering in contemporary contexts. Divergence – emphasizing the differences in communication between individuals. Convergence Issue Date: 2020-05. Coming to the other side of the table, the biggest area of divergence in the budget is the contradiction in what it says about India’s participation in Global Value Chains (GVCs) and world trade and the measures proposed in the budget. stem from a common genealogical proto-language. Convergence. Previous research has dealt with objective acoustic measures [4] [5], while others have focused on subjective evaluations [6] [7]. While the process itself is automatic; the manner of not doing either does not exist, because one of the two is always being chosen. Convergence and divergence can also be stated as Universalist and contextual paradigm. The purpose of this study was to examine speech convergence and speech evaluation in fact-finding interviews conducted in the field. Linguistic divergence and convergence. People may, thus, converge or adapt their speech … Provide appropriate examples. Apart from divergence, lexical dialect mixing (Mischung) and the levelling of variation (differences) between dialects (Ausgleich)2 were thought to be the key mechanisms that destroy regularity and the alleged exceptionlessness of Less liking entails a greater change in the realisations over time – stronger divergence when partners could see each other, and stronger convergence when they could not. "Divergence" was the termusedto refer to thewayinwhich speakers accentuate speech and nonverbal differences between themselves and others. entails changing one’s speech – including pronunciation, pause and utterance lengths, and vocal intensities – to match, or converge, with the speech of another. Since World War II, China’s economy has grown massively. Language Convergence; Meaning Divergence. In Elizabeth George 's recent novel The Punishment She Deserves, there's a passage where someone uses a sociolinguistic choice to communicate her attitude towards an interaction. Previous research has demonstrated that PC occurs in dyads during various interactive tasks (e.g. • If divergence is perceived as unavoidable, for instance, then the reaction will be more tolerant than when it is • Deliberate divergence will be heard as uncooperative. While the measurement of synchrony is straightforward, the quantification of speech Convergence is an open area of research. Abstract. This pattern of convergence and divergence highlights their strengths and weaknesses in the representation of lexical–semantic knowledge for typical versus less typical items. While convergence constitutes a linguistic, i.e. Economic Convergence and Divergence in Europe will be of interest to economists and researchers of regional and European studies, particularly those with a focus on integration. Language convergence is a type of linguistic change in which languages come to structurally resemble one another as a result of prolonged language contact and mutual interference, regardless of whether those languages belong to the same language family, i.e. This paper, from an African perspective, seeks to establish points of divergence and convergence between oral performance and public speaking. People use convergence based on their perceptions of others, as well as what they are able to infer about them and their backgrounds. Divergence refers to the situation in which speakers move away from the speech of each other. The concept of convergence and divergence are clearly defined within two distinct paradigms of ER.Convergence is modelled on the association that all ER will converge or become uniform (Kerr et al 1960) throughout the globe. That is the human … In Economic Convergence and Divergence in Europe: Growth and Regional Development in an Enlarged European Union. Divergence is a strategy used to accentuate the verbal and nonverbal differences between communicators, or in other words, a nonaccommodation. Bourhis and Giles (1977) designedanexperiment to demonstrate the use ofaccent divergence among Welsh people in an interethniccon-text (as well as the conditions that would facilitate its occurrence). [CrossRef] Sala-i-Martin, Xavier X. accommodative, process in which a speaker modifies his/her own speech to resemble more closely the addressee's speech, divergence refers to a process in which a speaker linguistically moves in the opposite direction in order to make his/her speech sound more unlike that Convergence generally means coming together, while divergence generally means moving apart. Simple convergence strengthening activities. dialect divergence (or, rather, non-convergence). Speech 5 March 2020 Brussels Negotiations with the UK: Michel Barnier, the European Commission's Chief Negotiator, sets out points of convergence and divergence following the … Most of the time, we do it because we want to accommodate the other person. [...] Key Result The effect varies, however, depending on the extent to which a speaker likes their partner. Clothespins are a great therapy tool, strengthening pinch for writing and other tasks. Overaccommodation. The Difference Between Convergence and Divergence. The junior uses convergence process whereas the senior uses divergence process. For example, Kelly and Introduction to the Symposium on Convergence and Divergence in Private Law. Meanwhile, this paper’s mobilization of the FTA also makes a methodological contribution by demonstrating how sensemaking and its convergence or divergence can be more structurally interpreted with the fantasy theme, type, and rhetorical vision as building blocks (Park et al., 2016). When an individual wants to socially distance themself from another speaker, do they do it phonetically? Divergence is when we accommodate one group’s speech style to define differences in another group’s communication style. Apart from divergence, lexical dialect mixing (Mischung) and the levelling of variation (differences) between dialects (Ausgleich)2 were thought to be the key mechanisms that destroy regularity and the alleged exceptionlessness of •In general, then, reactions to speech convergence and divergence depend on the reasons people attribute for the convergence or divergence. The results of the chi-square analysis demonstrate a divergence in the Cebuano speech community in the Philippines. The article below uses “Three Close Reads”. Prior to implementing a companywide change, it is important to get stakeholders on board. convergence properties of training linear filters with the MEE criterion based on these two key points. Convergence is the process of adapting ones speech style to match others they want to identify and divergence is the use of linguistic mannerisms that emphasizes a person’s differences from others. She sees a wide range of people in the course of her job. Divergence. Of particular relevance here are how the concepts of convergence and divergence may be applied to the situation that Starbucks currently finds itself in. Youndt et al. The essence is to find a concrete base to justify the claim that the skills and expectations of an African These theories help to explain why speakers common, speech accommodation can influence any encounter that involves native speakers of two different languages. Organisations take their stakeholders into confidence, just to ensure the smooth transition, since they are the one who will be affected by the change. A growing body of research suggests that convergence and divergence may occur concurrently among differently identifying groups in contact (Rickford, 1999, Wolfram & Thomas 2002, Hinton & Pollock, Butters 1989). As the names suggest, convergence entails changing one’s speech – including pronunciation, pause and utterance lengths, and vocal intensities – to match, or converge, with the speech of another. The convergence and divergence not only represent different ways in which the International HRM is conducted but also reflects different traditions through which HRM is explored. converge (absolutely), converge (conditionally) or diverge? Secondly, both convergence and divergence take place in large-scale time processes through several steps and under a complex constellation of factors. Yun-chien Chang [*] & Richard A. Epstein [†]Introduction. between speakers. Featural divergence and convergence within dialects in contact are not necessarily mutually exclusive, however. For They constantly sequence, one after the other and form a matched pair of activities that enable you to both think broadly and also stay focused. Two Examples for Convergence and Divergence. European Economic Review 40: 1325–52. Its nine contributions cover both theoretical and typological aspects, such as the classification of languages, the role of language contact, linguistic complexity and spontaneous speech innovations, and convergence and divergence processes in translation, (morpho)syntax and phonology/phonetics. He was trying to find the reason for the shifts he observed in the speech of most people as they spoke to different people and to detail the consequences of this behavior. Convergence is a strategy by which you adapt your communication behavior in such a way as to become more similar to the other person. Convergence and Capitalism. Both convergence and divergence are linguistic strategies whereby a member of a speech community minimizes or accentuates linguistic differences. The way we accommodate our communication by convergence, is by the way we change our pitch, the words we choose, and also our non-verbal communication. Its nine contributions cover both theoretical and typological aspects, such as the classification of languages, the role of language contact, linguistic complexity and spontaneous speech innovations, and convergence and divergence processes in translation, (morpho)syntax and phonology/phonetics. 3. Phonetic convergence (PC) is speech specific accommodation characterized by an increase in similarity in a dyad’s speech patterns due to an interaction. Speech 5 March 2020 Brussels Negotiations with the UK: Michel Barnier, the European Commission's Chief Negotiator, sets out points of convergence and divergence following the … Divergence is very different from Convergence, where you distance yourself from who you are speaking to, not making any attempts to mirror or accommodate them. “No effort is made to reduce social distance or to make communication smoother” (Giles et al., 2007, p.144). INTRODUCTION BY PETER MOOSLECHNER Xavier Sala-i … Motivations for convergence and divergence. If you want to learn more about this strategy, click here. In all, a dynamic model of language would understand convergence and divergence as permanent reorganization dynamics of more or less heterogeneous language resources in speech activity. CONVERGENCE: June works in a travel agent’s in Cardiff, the capital city of Wales. intimacy, or away from their audience's speech to express social distance. In this article, we discuss convergence and divergence in the language policing of three minority language media contexts, namely Basque, Irish and Sámi. Downward convergence involves adjustments in the direction of the speech norms from a higher class to a lower class. o Ex. Convergence – convergence is a process where people tend to adapt the other person’s communication characteristics to reduce the social differences Divergence -the process contradicts the method of adaptation and in this context the individual emphasise is on the social difference and nonverbal differences between the interactants. Divergence and convergence are not a one-shot thing in serious creativity and invention practices. Maintenance (underaccommodation) – no adjustment is made in speech patterns. Speech accommodation is a modifying speech style toward (convergence) or away from (divergence) the perceived style of the person being talked to. My main conclusion is that nations need decent policy to prosper, and Johan Norberg shares a similar perspective in this video. Recall that once a con-tinuous and differentiable cost function is approximated by a quadratic form around the global optimum, the results from the theory of convergence … Since speech is a way to express group membership, people adopt convergence or divergence in communication in order to “signal a salient group distinctiveness, so as to reinforce a social identity”. convergence and divergence of speech styles during social encounters; • second phase (communication accommodation theory), characterized by a major extension of the focus from the two accommodation strategies of convergence and divergence to the whole process of communication in Convergence and Divergence- not subtitles but complementary Recently, scholars realized that divergence can happen inside the convergence trend to some extent as other way around. Earlier this month, as part of my ongoing series about convergence and divergence, I wrote about why South Korea has grown so much faster than Brazil. Divergence. Dialect divergence and convergence in New Zealand English MOLLY BABEL Department of Linguistics, Totem Fields Studios, 2613 West Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 mbabel@interchange.ubc.ca ABSTRACT Recent research has been concerned with whether speech accommodation is The children with DLD show greater convergence on the typical items generated earlier in their word lists than the items generated later. This I ntroduction summarizes the twelve articles presented in the “ Symposium on Convergence and Divergence in Private Law, ” which are now being published subsequently in the Southern California Law Review in 2019. Measuring phonetic convergence : segmental and suprasegmental speech adaptations during native and non-native talker interactions dc.contributor.advisor Diehl, Randy L. Phonetic accommodation is the phenomenon in which talkers alter subphonemic features of their speech in response to specific features of received speech stimuli. Both convergence and divergence can take place in an upward or downward fashion. For instance, Judy is a new employee in a beginner’s level in an organization. the process of thinking broadly, of expanding one's mind, of going places where one does not normally go. “No effort is made to reduce social distance or to make communication smoother” (Giles et al., 2007, p.144). Accommodation most often takes the form of convergence, when a speaker chooses a language variety that seems to fit the style of the other speaker. Upward convergence occurs when speakers adjust their speech to exhibit the norms of high-status individuals in their society. Forty interviewers (ERs), undergraduates enrolled in a class on interviewing processes, conducted 20–30 minute interviews with selected interviewees (EEs), business persons and professionals in fields of interest to the ERs. strategy used to adapt tone to another's behavior. In the world of finance and trading, convergence and divergence are terms used to describe the directional relationship of two trends, prices, or indicators. Overaccommodation – “talking down” to another person by raising voice, simplifying message. In fact people can both converge at some levels and diverge through others at the same time . Chapter 7: Keynote speech: Convergence and divergence Â… theoretical underpinnings Chapter 8: Structural change and catching up: the experience of the ten candidate countries Chapter 9: Restructuring of firms in Central and Eastern Europe Convergence through divergence: compensatory changes in phonetic accommodation Jevon Heath* LSA Annual Meeting, Portland, January 8-11, 2015 Introduction. Given that speech is to be seen "as an identity adjustment made to increase group status and favourability" (Edwards, 1985: 152), we could argue that in situations when group membership has to be accentuated and supported, speech divergence may be an important strategy for distinguishing oneself from members of other groups. These pages are … Divergence is very different from Convergence, where you distance yourself from who you are speaking to, not making any attempts to mirror or accommodate them. The Coming Convergence is a brand new film to be released on March 28th by Brent Miller Sr., founder and Executive Director of Ingenuity Films. This is the award winning California based studio behind “The Final Prophecies” documentary and the critically acclaimed “Decoding the Future” prophecy... Media Resources. Research on regionalized modes of speech “modern” dialects that the terms “convergence” and “divergence” employed most often. Last Tuesday she saw an accountant, an old friend from school, a woman who works for the council as a cleaner, and a local schoolteacher. Stakeholder Analysis Strategy And Convergence And Divergence Management Essay. Convergence is the process of adapting ones speech style to match others they want to identify and divergence is the use of linguistic mannerisms that emphasizes a person’s differences from others. accommodative, process in which a speaker modifies his/her own speech to resemble more closely the addressee's speech, divergence refers to a process in which a speaker linguistically moves in the opposite direction in order to make his/her speech sound more unlike that of the person (s)he is talking to. Advisor: Clopper, Cynthia. Having a child reach a distance to retrieve the clothespin then hanging the clothespin on a near string can help with convergence and divergence. Speech convergence which is also known as speech accommodation is the act of adjusting the speech patterns to match other groups or social identities whilst expressing unity or shared identity depending on the addresses considering it as a polite speech strategy. This colloquium deals with issues related to convergence and divergence in language contact situations, issues which had been rather neglected in the past but have … Jump to navigation Jump to search. Communication accommodation theory (CAT) is a theory of communication developed by Howard Giles. This theory concerns "(1) the behavioral changes that people make to attune their communication to their partner, and (2) the extent to which people perceive their partner as appropriately attuning to them.". A speaker's speech style will shift in an interaction to modify the social distance between the speaker and the addressee, … Linguistic accommodation or convergence lessens the social distance between interlocutors while divergence maximizes it. Language Convergence; Meaning Divergence. The concept of convergence and divergence are clearly defined within two distinct paradigms of ER. 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