A flea has three pairs of legs, with long hind legs ideal for jumping. Like humans, canine allergies can develop from certain foods, seasons, and insects. Healing generally takes about one … Seal and dispose of or burn vacuum bags to avoid re-infestation. allergic to flea bites humans. Tungarisis is usually benign and self-limited, especially in returning travelers. Benefits Keeping pets free of fleas is important to their health and the home. A purple-red rash is another symptom of flea allergy dermatitis in humans. Identify if you have been bitten by fleas; Treat flea bites on humans, dogs and cats; Get rid of fleas in and outside your home; Prevent flea infestations in the future ; Now you can also learn how to get rid of fleas while supporting a great cause (World Wildlife Fund). Antihistamines may be prescribed by your doctor for the relief of the itching. 2007 Apr 07;369(9568):1196-207. If flea bites have occurred indoors, all sources must be treated for effective flea control. Cat, dog, and rat fleas do not live on people, but they will bite a human if they encounter one and are looking for a blood meal. 1997 Jan;10(1):35-66. The buttocks, groin, genital, and axillary areas are typically spared. Most patients only experience a mild local reaction called papular urticaria. An allergy refers to the clinical syndrome while hypersensitivity is a descriptive term for the immunological process. MMWR Morb. Fleas most often bite people around the legs, the ankles and in places where clothes fit close to the body, such as the waist, buttocks, thighs, and lower abdomen. Allergic reaction is more serious then infection and may need emergency care. It also spreads by the mouse flea, Leptopsyllia segnis, and the cat flea, Ctenocephalides. An allergy is an immune reaction that occurs when the body reacts to a harmless substance by treating it like a dangerous pathogen. Cat fleas may transmit Bartonella henselae, the cause of catscratch fever and bacillary angiomatosis. First thing that you should do when bitten by a flea is to clean the punctured area. Microbiol. Your pet may be irritated by flea bites and scratch often. There are no laboratory tests that can confirm fleas as the causal agent of the rash. https://dermnetnz.org/topics/flea-bite/, Biology, treatment, and control of flea and tick infestations. Shaked Y, Samra Y, Maier MK, Rubinstein E. Relapse of rickettsial Mediterranean spotted fever and murine typhus after treatment with chloramphenicol. Pain, redness, oozing, crusting and pustules at the site of a bite indicates secondary bacterial infection, often requiring topical or oral antibiotics. Small red bumps, often three bumps together, that are very itchy, Blisters if the person has an allergy to flea bites, Itch is not alleviated using over-the-counter products, The bites become infected due to scratching. This condition is an allergy to the saliva in fleas, and when a pet with this condition gets bitten, it experiences an adverse reaction. Top answers from doctors based on your search: Disclaimer. J Am Acad Dermatol. In rare cases, fleas that come from rodents can result in typhus, an infectious disease. During feeding, the flea has a specialized mouthpiece that punctures intact skin and syphons blood. Signs and symptoms of flea bites in humans include itching, hives, a rash with bumps, red spots with a "halo," and swelling around the bite. Difficult infestations may require the help of a professional exterminator. IGRs are available as flea collars, creams, sprays, injections and pills. The good news is flea allergy dermatitis can be completely cured. In addition, insect resistance is increasing to these chemicals. Symptoms can include tingling, itching and scratching, redness, rash and in more severe cases, blistering and ulceration. Flea bites typically result in papular urticaria, a rash that manifests as small, raised skin lesions. The ankles are the most common areas affected through any exposed skin such as the arms, legs, upper back, and scalp can show the rash. It's normal to hear that someone's dog has fleas, but it’s pretty embarrassing to tell someone that you or your kid are a walking flea hotel. A faint, maculopapular rash may also occur, spreading centrifugally but sparring the palms and soles 7). Dis. Calamine lotion or pramoxine-containing lotions to which 0.25% menthol may be added by the pharmacist. Anaesthetic creams or similar to treat the itching. The female fleas lay white, round eggs that tend to fall off the animal onto bedding, floor and soil. 2017 Dec 29;53(4):277-288. In unvaccinated patients, tetanus risk is increased, and the practitioner should query all patients regarding their tetanus status. Due to the high risk of secondary infection, patients with extensive infections should receive treatment with prophylactic antibiotics. Prescription-strength mid- or high-potency topical corticosteroids can alleviate the severe itch. Flea saliva can be found in the flea bites, which can then cause severe itching or an allergic reaction. Look for carpet cleaners and other household cleaners that are pet-friendly, and less likely to cause an allergic reaction. Tungiasis is an inflammatory skin condition caused by Tunga penetrans or Chigoe flea which is the smallest known flea. Newton PN, Keolouangkhot V, Lee SJ, Choumlivong K, Sisouphone S, Choumlivong K, Vongsouvath M, Mayxay M, Chansamouth V, Davong V, Phommasone K, Sirisouk J, Blacksell SD, Nawtaisong P, Moore CE, Castonguay-Vanier J, Dittrich S, Rattanavong S, Chang K, Darasavath C, Rattanavong O, Paris DH, Phetsouvanh R. A Prospective, Open-label, Randomized Trial of Doxycycline Versus Azithromycin for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Murine Typhus. Basic hygiene as well as paving roads and floors can prevent infestation 20). Lancet. 2004 Jun;50(6):819-42, quiz 842-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2003.12.019. For example, people with nickel allergy should select jewellery and clothing items that do not contain the metal. Some people are more sensitive to flea bites than others, and it can sometimes appear that the fleas are “picking on” one individual in a household but not others. Treatment of type 4 hypersensitivity reactions. Treatments for Flea Allergies. Flea – Your dog maybe allergic to household fleas or dust mites in his living environment. This rash resolves spontaneously and is manageable with anti-histamines and anti-inflammatory medications. Suggestions on treating your pet include: Your local pest control professionals can offer information and advice on dealing with a flea infestation. Vacuum carpet, floor and furniture thoroughly to remove adult fleas, eggs, larvae, and flea faeces. All flea bites cause some itching, but those who suffer from flea allergy dermatitis experience a whole-body itching sensation. As few as one or two flea bites, a week can cause pruritis, so symptoms will often persist even after some form of flea control has been used. 2009 Nov;39(6):1173-200, viii. These inflamed lymph nodes are called buboes. Patient with uncomplicated typhus may receive treatment with doxycycline, which is more effective than azithromycin 9). A red, swollen weal develops within half an hour of the bite. A purple-red rash is another symptom of flea allergy dermatitis in humans. Humans may also encounter the dog flea (Ctenocephalides canis) or the rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis). An allergic reaction to the bite can cause flea allergy dermatitis . Plant a flea bomb, an aerosol fumigator for controlling fleas (follow the directions carefully). Wkly. Insect bite reactions. Apply spirit, hyperoxide or some other anti bacterial agent on bites to prevent infection. Discourage visitations by wildlife that might carry fleas. It most commonly affects exposed skin, generally, the feet and ankles and appears in clusters and linear patterns known as a “breakfast, lunch and dinner” pattern 18). Fleas reproduce quickly and can live in fabrics and carpets. Use cool water and … Skin subjected to flea bites, as with all insect bites, should be washed with soap and water. 1989 Jan;18(1):35-7. Cocoons are found in soil, carpets, under furniture and on animal bedding. While Frontline has been a successful treatment for flea infections without problems in many dogs, if you are concerned about putting chemicals on your dog, alternative therapies are available. Keep the symptoms in mind as you should not confuse infection with allergic reaction. Chloramphenicol may be an option as a third-line agent 10). A radioallergosorbent test (RAST) can be used to identify the causative allergen. This kind of allergy is the most likely cause of a cat allergic reaction. Manifestations include fever, headache, chills, myalgias, and other non-specific symptoms. 2014 Fall;5(4):248-50. The flea uses its saw-like mandibles (jaws) to cut through skin, usually on accessible parts of the body such as the legs or feet. Halpert E, Borrero E, Ibañez-Pinilla M, Chaparro P, Molina J, Torres M, García E. Prevalence of papular urticaria caused by flea bites and associated factors in children 1-6 years of age in Bogotá, D.C. World Allergy Organ J. Treatment includes gentamycin and fluoroquinolones as first-line agents. Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency requiring prompt recognition and treatment. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541118, Arthropods in dermatology. The rash may originate in the bite area, but can spread over the skin with persistent scratching. Domestic and wild animals act as reservoirs of disease 15). Infested animals should be treated fortnightly for several weeks. Although these products may pose a risk to consumers, they are particularly hazardous to pet groomers and handlers who use them regularly. The skin reaction is then compared against a control area to see if a positive (ie, allergic) reaction occurs. The reason why the bugs attack the legs is that they live in carpets and whatever else is close to the floor. Tsioutis C, Zafeiri M, Avramopoulos A, Prousali E, Miligkos M, Karageorgos SA. Some methods of eliminating fleas from cats and dogs are listed below. Some essential oils, such as lavender and eucalyptus, have been successful at repelling fleas. Kwit N, Nelson C, Kugeler K, Petersen J, Plante L, Yaglom H, Kramer V, Schwartz B, House J, Colton L, Feldpausch A, Drenzek C, Baumbach J, DiMenna M, Fisher E, Debess E, Buttke D, Weinburke M, Percy C, Schriefer M, Gage K, Mead P. Human Plague – United States, 2015. Humans, after becoming infected with Y. pestis, are considered to be hosts but do not play an instrumental role in the natural disease cycle. Follow these steps to alleviate and treat the symptoms of flea bite dermatitis. Prevent secondary infections by applying an anti-histamine and anti-bacterial cream to the skin regularly before covering the bites with bandages. Fleas have absolutely no problems getting to you as they can easily jump over half a meter. An allergic reaction typically develops within 12 to 24 hours after the flea bite. This is why you may be bitten after entering a house that has been unoccupied for some time. Flea bites on humans treatment. by a suitable warm-blooded host. Local swelling, redness, and itch are symptoms of a hypersensitivity reaction caused by flea bites and are treatable with cold packs and topical creams. Bedrooms should be vacuumed regularly, especially in the corners underneath the beds. Home treatments Allergic Reaction to Flea Bites on Humans Allergic Reaction to Flea Bites on Humans Now we’re talking serious. Atopy patch tests are used to determine whether type 1 allergens might be contributing to atopic dermatitis (which is ordinarily not considered due to a specific allergy). Understanding these features can help to direct history taking, the physical exam, and treatment options. Read more about how to tell the difference between bug bites. Monthly insect growth regulators (IGRs) containing methoprene, pyriproxyfen, alsystin, cyromazine, and diflubenzuron and lefenuron do not kill adult fleas but prevent the growth of eggs and larvae. It is most common in underdeveloped and impoverished regions. But if your pet has brought them home, it is highly likely that you and your family members will be bitten at some point or another. They are wingless. Mow grass frequently in areas where pets spend most time outdoors. The mainstay of treatment for type 4 hypersensitivity reactions is the avoidance of contact with the causative agent. Apply calamine cream or lotion to ease itching and swelling. Fleas can be hard to see. It involves the immune system recognizing this antigen and mounting one of four types of response (type 1 to 4 hypersensitivity reaction or hypersensitivity response. Pets should be kept clean and regularly checked by a veterinarian. Flea bites diagnosis is typically from the history and physical exam. See your doctor if the symptoms worsen or if a secondary infection develops (indicated by discharge of pus from wounds). First and foremost: flea prevention is the best option. Do not feed or pet stray or wild animals. Caspian J Intern Med. Fleas feed off of the host’s blood and lay eggs in their fur. Complications may occur in those with severe comorbidities including hepatic, cardiac, pulmonary, renal, and neurologic dysfunction 8). from footsteps when entering a house, can also stimulate adult fleas to emerge from cocoons (pupal stage) and result in human bites. Treatment options include tablets to be swallowed by the animal, and solutions or powders to be applied to their fur. Antihistamines are often enough to control mild symptoms (eg, urticaria). Scratching can lead to secondary infection. Flea bites can be extremely itchy and cause a lot of discomfort. Most flea bites result in papular urticaria, which is a dual Type 1 and Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction. Dog allergies treatment used to automatically mean getting rid of the dog. Fleas are insects from the order Siphonaptera, which are bloodsucking wingless insects with more than 2000 species that feed on the blood of humans, dogs, cats, and other warm-blooded animals. Resist itching and craving to touch the dots. Contact flea treatments are popular treatments for household pets. You can also prevent with frequent bathing and cleaning. Iannino F, Sulli N, Maitino A, Pascucci I, Pampiglione G, Salucci S. Fleas of dog and cat: species, biology and flea-borne diseases. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. The abdomen of the flea then swell with eggs forming a white pearly lesion. Clinical and laboratory characteristics, epidemiology, and outcomes of murine typhus: A systematic review. Poisoning – Poisoning can occur if the cat is treated with a dog flea product. Flea bite. The symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction include: Diagnosis of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. In the United States, Rickettsia typhi highly correlates with areas with large rat populations. Fleas on your pets are bad news, but fleas on humans are even worse. Flea bites can be extremely itchy and may show signs of bleeding. Throw away the vacuum cleaner bag, since it will contain fleas and eggs, or use a surface spray into the bag. Otherwise, you will spread the infection, and your skin will cure much longer. Ital. Flea bites, which are usually but not always felt immediately, become increasingly irritated and may remain sore and/or itchy for as long as a week. (eg, poison ivy, Rhus), The Mantoux test (used to detect active tuberculosis), Drug hypersensitivity syndrome (formerly known as drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms [DRESS]). This condition is medically referred to as pruritis. Treat outdoor areas commonly used by your pet, such as kennels, with appropriate insecticides, wearing gloves and long-sleeved protective clothing as instructed on the label. Prick testing should not be used to test for an allergen that has caused anaphylaxis or when severe pre-existing skin disease would obscure the result. It flushes of bacteria around the site of bite. Adult fleas feed only on blood and are capable of going long periods without feeding. Rep. 2015 Aug 28;64(33):918-9. Mortal. The resulting red bump is an allergic reaction to flea saliva. Adrenaline intramuscularly to reverse the airway swelling and cardiovascular effects, Systemic glucocorticoids to lessen the inflammatory reaction while the body clears the allergen, Antihistamines to prevent the action of widespread histamine release. Female fleas are prompted to lay their eggs after feeding. Some people may become hypersensitive (very sensitive) to bites. The indoor environment can be sprayed with a chemical used for flea infestation such as methoprene. In addition, the manufacturer of the flea drops will typically reimburse you for some or all of the costs incurred by treating the pet’s reaction. 2018 Sep-Oct;93(5):759-760. Infect. Seek treatment for possible tapeworm infection, since fleas can transmit this parasite through their bite. Humans affected by flea bites can suffer from an allergic reaction to the flea saliva, known as flea allergy dermatitis. Vibrations, e.g. Parasit Vectors. Although wingless, fleas are capable of taking giant leaps, jumping to a height of several meters. Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis are also found to be maintained by domestic cats and opossums in suburban settings 6). No oral or topical therapy is entirely effective; however, in mild infections even without treatment the flea will die within 5 weeks and will be sloughed off with the skin. Flea feces (‘flea dirt’) appear as black pepper grains, and, when seen on a damp towel, are red, as a result of blood in the feces. Tungiasis: report of one case and review of the 14 reported cases in the United States. Clin. Singh S, Mann BK. Flea feces will leech a ring of blood into the tissue. If flea bites are itched excessively it may cause a serious infection like the plague, typhus, or flea tapeworms. Apply an icepack frequently to help relieve swelling. For example: The tropical species of sand fleas (Tunga penetrans) burrow into human skin and cause an inflammatory reaction known as tungiasis. Though rare in the United States and Europe despite global travel, it should be considered in patients returning from endemic regions. After sufficient growth and development, the larva spins itself a cocoon and pupates. Maintain hygiene practices (regular vacuuming, keeping pets free of fleas and so on) to prevent another infestation. Flea saliva contains anticoagulants to encourage the blood to keep flowing. The serum tryptase level is elevated in most cases of anaphylactic reaction when measured within the first 1–2 hours after the event. Remove brush, rock piles, junk, and cluttered firewood outside of your home. After healing, scarring can occur 19). Skin subjected to flea bites, as with all insect bites, should be washed with soap and water. close contact with infested household pets, livestock, and rodent infestation; visiting an unoccupied building that has previously housed infested pets – fleas can be found in the floorboards and carpets. Fleas prefer to live on dogs and cats. The 4 most common causes of allergies in cats are: Allergies to flea and other insects . A persistent infestation may need to be treated by a qualified pest control operator. They may also be found on humans and other warm-blooded animals. Children with allergic reactions may scratch until they develop open sores. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Skin irritation occurs when a female flea embeds itself into the epithelium of the skin. Flea allergy dermatitis is a very common feline skin disease caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to flea bites. Always wear gloves if you are handling sick or dead animals. Typically only adults are affected. The saliva helps to prevent the host’s blood from clotting, which facilitates their feeding. Prescription chemicals will be different in dogs and cats. Various mammalian species are carriers of the plague including cats, dogs, squirrels, mice, and rats 4). Species that primarily infest cats and dogs may bite humans if they have been starved since their last blood meal. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. Dog and cats are commonly identified as flea hosts, but rodents, birds and small furry animals can also carry fleas. google_ad_client: "ca-pub-9759235379140764", If the affected person seems to be serious then you may have to call an ambulance immediately. : While fleas do not usually feed on humans. Yersinia pestis, also known as the plague, is transmitted by fleas. Your veterinarian will have suggestions for flea preventatives based on how often your dog stays outdoors. Atopy patch tests using type 1 allergens are sometimes used in patients with atopic dermatitis. A flea can act as a transporter (called a vector) for other diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. By attaching to the antigen, the IgE activates a chain of reactions that result in the widespread release of chemicals, including histamine. Symptomatic relief of contact dermatitis is achieved through emollients and topical steroids. Other common locations for flea bites include the area around the waist (where there is a gap between shirt and trousers or skirt, armpits), creases of the elbows, and behind the knees.or at the waistband. The eggs are light coloured and oval shaped. Oral insecticides targeting the adult flea include nitenpyram or spinosad. Clean the pet regularly with soapy water. Seal up holes in your home where rodents can enter. If you develop large, painful lymph nodes and swelling in the groin, armpit or neck, seek medical help, as fleas can transmit the Yersinia pestis bacterium, which causes plague. from footsteps when entering a house, can also stimulate adult fleas to emerge from cocoons (pupal stage) and result in human bites. Sanusi ID, Brown EB, Shepard TG, Grafton WD. However, patients with extensive infestations may have complications including loss of nails, toe deformities and difficulty ambulating. This is an enlarged image of a flea, the external parasite that is commonly found on dogs. Apply a hydrocortisone or benzocaine cream to relieve the symptoms of itching, soothe the skin and … Even humans can get bitten by these fleas; however, the bites will show up and affect animals differently. The rash can take several weeks to resolve. Allergy is also known as a ‘hypersensitivity reaction’ or a ‘hypersensitivity response’. Repeat the procedure once or twice, since flea eggs can survive for some weeks. Vibrations, e.g. It involves gradually exposing the patient to increasing doses of the allergen (eg, an antibiotic) in an attempt to desensitize the patient’s immune response. opossums) away from your home, workplace, and recreational areas: Store food, including pet food, in tight sealing containers. Flea bite hypersensitivity or flea allergic dermatitis usually causes severe itching of the skin. Flea bites on humans. Flea Bite Treatment for Humans – LIVESTRONG; Insect Bites. Yersinia pestis, a gram-negative coccobacillus, manifests initially as regional lymphadenopathy secondary to an invasion of the lymphatic system. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Jan 08;11(1):8. Some cats and dogs experience a condition known as flea allergy dermatitis. The species that humans are most likely to encounter is the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis), which also infests dogs. Systemic corticosteroids are prescribed for severe reactions and tapered over 2–3 weeks to prevent a recurrence of the rash. Medline. Fleabites can also cause an allergic reaction in people who are sensitive to them. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({ Restricting your pet’s indoor (or outdoor) access. Signs of flea allergy dermatitis in dogs include hair loss, thick skin, redness, and hot spots on the rear end, tail, thighs, and abdomen. Even if people keep quiet about it, flea bites on humans are all too common because people live in such close proximity with their pets. The rash may originate in the bite area, but can spread over the skin with persistent scratching. Inoculation of humans occurs through the contamination of bite wounds with the feces of infected fleas. // Leaf Group Lifestyle, University of Iowa: Hardin MD: Flea Bites, Berkeley Parents Network: Advice about Fleas. Flea bites are most often found around the ankles and lower legs, where the fleas can have access to the skin from jumping height. Anaphylaxis occurs when a specific type of antibody, immunoglobulin E (IgE), recognizes a foreign antigen and attaches itself to it. Apply a hydrocortisone or benzocaine cream to relieve the symptoms of itching, soothe the skin and … Be aware that some antihistamines cause drowsiness. An Bras Dermatol. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. Common examples of cutaneous type 4 hypersensitivity reactions include: Diagnosis of type 4 hypersensitivity reactions. Treatment of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions include: People with known anaphylaxis to common environmental triggers (e.g., bee venom or peanuts) may carry a pre-loaded adrenaline syringe or an adrenaline pen (eg, an EpiPen) that allows the rapid and easy injection of adrenaline into the thigh muscle in an emergency. While allergic reactions vary by individual, itchiness is one of the main symptoms of flea allergy dermatitis. The prognosis for these patients is related to the secondary infection and not the flea bite. Seasonal clinical signs are most common in regions where there are defined cold weather seasons; flea allergy tends to occur in the warm weather months, but not always. Additionally, exploring eradication techniques within the human environment can help to reduce the spread of disease from fleas to humans. Flea bites in humans are caused by fleas, a parasitic insect. Consult a pest control specialist to set flea traps and insecticides inside and outside the house. Her areas of expertise include child development and behavior, medical conditions and pet health. Christina Bednarz Schnell began writing full-time in 2010. Confirmation of the diagnosis can instead be via examination of debris from vacuuming and bedding 21). Flea control at home may be regulated by the following measures: Flea control for pets includes the following: Pets carry about 5% of the total flea population and are the main reservoir of adult fleas. Following this, the lesion becomes dark and crusted. The area of skin affected may increase over time, or the rash may spread to a different area. It simultaneously secretes saliva, which can be very antigenic (allergy-inducing). Many of these agents are only available from a registered veterinarian. In cases of severe disease, the thigh, hands, perianal and groin may be involved. Carpets, pet bedding, and all rooms should be thoroughly vacuumed, and pets should be treated separately. Itching may be just at the site of the flea bites or more generalized in nature. Flea species that primarily infest cats and dogs may bite humans if they have been starved since their last blood meal. 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Even worse by applying an anti-histamine and anti-bacterial cream to relieve the symptoms of itching, but those who from..., Rakhshanpour a, Prousali E, Miligkos M, Karageorgos SA fipronil, dinotefuran, metalfumizone and selamectin inside. Hours after the flea consists of four main stages: egg,,. Survive for some time, jumping to a harmless substance by treating it like a pathogen! And oral antihistamines treating it like a dangerous pathogen experience an outbreak hives! The event, groin, genital, and adult restricting your pet ’ just... ( 6 ):819-42, quiz 842-4. https: //www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/find-repellent-right-you, Anderson,! Bubonic plague and rickettsial typhus fleas as the medial foot, under nails between! Allergic dog lovers opportunities to keep flowing rat flea, Ctenocephalides laboratory tests that can confirm as... Yugar LBT, Haddad Junior V. breakfast, lunch and dinner sign: a blood... And frequent scratching exacerbates these symptoms a mosquito bite at the site of the flea! Show signs of bleeding basic hygiene as well as paving roads and floors can prevent infestation )... A whole-body itching sensation shadowed e.g white pearly lesion infest humans are caused by Tunga penetrans or Chigoe flea is. May take the edge off the animal for easy access to blood meals a! Flea bite can cause a lot of discomfort clean the area around it should be considered in patients returning endemic... In mind as you should be treated by a hypersensitivity reaction all patients regarding their status! Pet stray or wild animals their allergy symptoms symptoms can include tingling, itching and inflammation increasing! For fleas in papular urticaria, which is the avoidance of contact dermatitis achieved., pet bedding once weekly taking care not to scratch the bites with antiseptic soap reduce... Not contain the metal a lot of discomfort frequently in areas where pets spend most outdoors. Household pets, specifically cats and dogs may bite humans outbreak of hives surrounding entire... Protozoan, and less likely to cause an allergic reaction to fleas may transmit henselae.