Through forced-choice, participants learned a “correct” item in each pair. In this experiment, rats were trained to find chocolate cereal in a radial arm maze. 4 - The neurophysiological basis of learning and memory in an advanced invertebrate: the octopus. Motor skill learning is rarely studied in the small animal models that are commonly used in sleep neurophysiology studies. Author J Decety 1 ... the prefrontal cortex and its connections to the basal ganglia in maintaining dynamic motor representations in working memory. This chapter summarizes recent neurophysiological research in the octopus and cuttlefish vertical lobe system that, for the first time, allows a functional and computational approach to the evolution of learning and memory systems. Rasch and colleagues found superior recall following sleep when the odor present during learning was represented during sleep. The Neuroanatomical, Neurophysiological and Psychological Basis of Memory: Current Models and Their Origins. Ripples themselves may provide a memory function. Multielectrode recordings in the hippocampus of rodents have provided insight into the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of sleep on memory. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. As such, negative emotional images or events are important to remember and for this reason, a negativity bias is typically observed in studies of memory encoding and recall [128]. Recent physiological data reviewed suggests how these behavioral changes might be supported by sleep. Following an intersession interval awake, performance did not improve significantly. Delayed recall was greater for those items for which the associated sound was represented during sleep relative to those items for which the associated sound was not replayed. Rebecca M. C. Spencer, "Neurophysiological Basis of Sleep’s Function on Memory and Cognition", International Scholarly Research Notices, vol. Sleep spindles are brief bursts (approximately  .5 secs) of very high frequency waves (11–16 Hz) [22]. Long-term potentiation (LTP), a well-known cellular mechanism of memory formation, is associated with delivery of GluR1-containing AMPA receptors to the synaptic membrane. While sleep is a period of bodly rest, it is also a period of brain activity and an opportunity for cognitive function that we take for granted. Perhaps for this reason, we often dismiss the elementary mistakes made by sleep-deprived new parents, the emotionality of a napless child, and the poor performance of a jet-lagged sports team. At a physiological level, sleep supports memory in a number of ways including neural replay and enhanced plasticity in the context of reduced ongoing input. Like word-pair learning, this task is considered to be largely hippocampus dependent [46], relying on the same spatial learning capabilities that make this structure enlarged in spatial experts like London taxi drivers [47, 48]. A wealth of recent studies support a function of sleep on memory and cognitive processing. Widespread oscillations between polarization and depolarization, the slow wave oscillations found in SWS, are ideal for generating depotentiation. Spindle density was increased in a subsequent nap relative to a baseline nap following learning of the more difficult list of abstract word pairs but not following learning of the simpler concrete word pairs. We believe it is Cephalopod mollusks such as octopus, cuttlefish, and squid (coleoids) are of special interest for studying the evolution and function of learning and memory mechanisms at the system level. Rats that were awake for the majority of a 6 hr dark period (rats are nocturnal) had high levels of GluR1-containing AMPA receptors while rats that were asleep during the majority of a 6 hr light period had low levels. As such, the lack of sleep-dependent consolidation observed by Nemeth and colleagues [162] may be explained by hippocampal disengagement. Slow oscillations, which are likely distinct from the visible delta waves [29], represent widespread alternation between depolarized “up-states” and hyperpolarized “down-states” [30]. While synaptic downscaling following sleep has been repeatedly demonstrated, the mechanism and timing of synaptic downscaling is uncertain. There are dissociative disorders in which medical testing is required to rule out neurophysiological factors that can mimic the effects of deeper, organic … Thinking his son had awoken, the father checked on his son only to find him fast asleep. Sharp wave/ripple complexes are fast depolarizing events (sharp waves) overlapping high frequency local field potential oscillations (ripples) originating from pyramidal neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus [68–71]. from Part I - Cognition, brain and evolution By Binyamin Hochner ... A learning and memory area in the octopus brain manifests a vertebrate-like long-term Journal of Neurophysiology, 90 (5): 3547 –3554. Neurophysiology (from Greek νεῦρον, neuron, "nerve"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia, "knowledge") is a branch of physiology and neuroscience that is concerned with the study of the functioning of the nervous system. For instance, immediate recall (which takes place in the morning for the “wake group” and in the evening for the “sleep group”) does not differ for the two groups, suggesting that time-of-day does not alter performance on this task [42]. Immediately following encoding, to-be-forgotten words were recalled less than to-be-remembered words. By comparing recall on a similar task after a mid-day nap with recall following an equivalent mid-day interval spent awake, there is no circadian difference in the time of encoding or recall and yet the sleep benefit remains [44, 45]. Vyazovskiy and colleagues [113] measured AMPA receptors with the GluR1 subunit in rats following periods of sleep and wake. We will return to the interaction between SWS and REM in Section 11. Infants were presented with auditory nonword strings (e.g., PEL-WIFFLE-RUD), an artificial language learning paradigm thought to mimic real language learning. The lines between the two can blur easily. If synaptic weight is reduced over SWS, the cortex should be less excitable. Memory is precisely the capacity that allows us to connect experiences, learn and make sense of our lives. those that do not involve the semantic/episodic memory systems) is therefore relevant. By applying transcranial direct current stimulation with an oscillating frequency of  .75 Hz during early NREM sleep, naturally occurring slow oscillations were enhanced. As such, translation of these results with respect to spatial memory is obvious: sleep-dependent generalization should lead to a novel route to take home from work or to get from New York to Chicago. A. Hobson, “The neurobiology of sleep: genetics, cellular physiology and subcortical networks,”, H. Kametani and H. Kawamura, “Alterations in acetylcholine release in the rat hippocampus during sleep-wakefulness detected by intracerebral dialysis,”, M. E. Hasselmo, “Neuromodulation: acetylcholine and memory consolidation,”, M. P. Walker, “A refined model of sleep and the time course of memory formation,”, R. W. McCarley, “Neurobiology of REM and NREM sleep,”, J. G. Jenkins and K. M. Dallenbach, “Oblivescence during sleep and waking,”, S. Gais, G. Albouy, M. Boly et al., “Sleep transforms the cerebral trace of declarative memories,”, L. Marshall, M. Mölle, M. Hallschmid, and J. During SWS, sharp wave/ripple complexes occur in the hippocampus. Collectively, these studies illustrate that sleep-dependent consolidation is selective. Likewise, memories that are filtered for nonemotional future relevance should benefit from SWS-REM sequences. Forgetting has been studied in the psychological literature with two paradigms, retrieval induced forgetting [121] and directed forgetting [122], both of which have now been examined with respect to sleep. Prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia attributes underlying behavioral flexibility. Rats were trained to run to the right or left of a track depending on which of two sounds were presented at the start of the trial. Activity in the medial temporal lobe during SWS and in the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex during REM sleep hints at this cognitive function. The pioneering work of J. With eight new chapters and 130 pages of fresh material, this second edition covers a wide range of topics, including movement disorders and current theories of motor … These REM-impaired individuals had less sleep-related performance improvement than those with normal REM. Born, “Sleep after learning aids memory recall,”, J. Backhaus, R. Hoeckesfeld, J. For instance, the implicit probabilistic motor sequence learning task is designed such that sequence awareness is deliberately prohibited and contextual associations (such as between items) are not possible (see [160, 161]). Discrimination of the two song segments improved significantly over sleep but no change in discrimination ability was found following an equivalent interval spent awake. During subsequent REM sleep, these primed memories are then generalized via theta wave facilitated corticocortical processing in association areas with minimal hippocampal or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributions. SWS spindles occur within slow oscillations. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Thus, physiological data suggest that memories may be sorted during REM. While these studies of sleep’s role in forgetting appear to conflict, a parsimonious explanation is that the significant differences in the motivation to forget underlie the apparent contradiction. This suggests that sleep provides, at minimum, a protective service to memories in the great ape family. However, importantly, this activation is led by hippocampal reactivation of related place cells [151]. Ripples occur within spindle troughs [79] while spindles are aligned with slow oscillations [83]. Likewise, differences in awareness in the visuomotor task, adopted by Doyon et al. In this study, participants learned the rules of the task and performance was tested again 8 days later. We begin this paper with a brief review of the intellectual history of examining behavior from a biological perspective. Moreover, just as in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott studies, the nap group also improved more in a measure of learning of novel characters that shared ideographics with the original set (e.g., MAID, MOTHER). As stated above, emotional memories (particularly those with negative affect) are better remembered than neutral memories. Memory is not represented by change at a single synapse, … Rather, memories with future relevance, either for their rewarding (doing well on the forewarned delayed recall) or protective (steer clear of a person who is a threat) influence, are preferentially maintained over sleep. However, if participants were given an implicit prime (solving analogies that contain solutions to the Remote Associates Task), participants were able to generate more critical associations in the Remote Associates Task but only if they had REM sleep in the intervening nap. In this task, participants are presented with four decks of cards and the win/loss likelihood of the cards in each deck varies such that two decks are “good” and two decks are “bad” [90, 91]. Sign up here as a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions. But how are semantic generalization and concept abstraction achieved? The density of ripples is also modulated by learning, further supporting a mnemonic role of ripples. For instance, the over-sleep change in performance on the probabilistic tone sequence learning task was associated with time spent in SWS. Sleep has been shown to consolidate and, in some cases, preferentially enhance memory for negative emotional images relative to neutral images [129–132]. Conceptualizations of human memory are still evolving over time, as is the understanding of the underlying neurophysiological basis of memory. Thus, while some have argued against an active role of sleep in memory via consolidation [9, 88, 89], neurophysiological studies support such a role of sleep in memory. They suggest that the interconnected neural networks are susceptible to unwanted, or “parasitic,” connections and these may be detected and pruned over sleep. Rather, the brain cycles through a number of physiological states over the typical sleep period. In short, it allows us to build our story. Declarative memories are not uniformly consolidated over sleep. University of Massachusetts Amherst From the SelectedWorks of Rebecca M. C. Spencer 2013 Neurophysiological Basis of Sleep’s Function on Memory … Moreover, the cortical evoked response, local field potential responses to electrical stimulation that serve as a proxy for synaptic efficacy, was increased after wake and decreased after sleep. We admit to several gaps in the framework laid out here. Moreover, Schmidt and colleagues [82] found an association between learning and spindle density. 2013, Article ID 619319, 17 pages, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/619319, 1Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 419 Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. Specifically during SWS is replaced by NREM-2 [ 100, 101 ] demonstrated sleep-dependent generalization such a way, hypotheses! In solving inferential pairs the greatest theta and gamma activity during sleep [ 9,... Inferential pairs the latter condition, following sleep when the nap took 90 mins... 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