Submitted: December 3rd 2017Reviewed: April 23rd 2018Published: November 5th 2018, Home > Books > Piezoelectricity - Organic and Inorganic Materials and Applications. Therefore, our method was evaluated for five combinational patterns in each subject. In lateral sitting, a subject will move to leave from their bed because of turning their body to the terminal. The signal-noise rate was high compared with other two sensors. The symbols of 1–6 correspond to the sensor assignment of S1–S6. Piezo films are lightweight and have high dielectric strength, high mechanical strength, and excellent stability and impact resistance. Supervised learning intends to acquire information representation [30]. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Moreover, the weight strength according to body changes is obtainable linearly because the bending angle of the piezoelectric film and output voltage has a relation of proportionality. Although camera can obtain much information for a monitoring subject, it is a challenging task to predict behavior patterns obtained from images as pixel signal information. Developed sensors: (a) pad sensor, (b) pillow sensor, and (c) bolt sensor. Moreover, S4, which is located near S5, gave voltage output slightly. For instance, the former has low acoustic impedance which is closer to that of human tissue, water and other organic materials. The magnitude of the applied load is proportional to, and therefore determined by, … developed a sensor system to detect bed-leaving three major patterns using strain gauges installed inside of actuators to obtain weight changes of a person on a bed [15]. For protecting it, suitable provision is necessary after conducting assessments for respective elderly patients. [32]. Furthermore, accidents caused by cable binding to the neck have been reported as clinical serious accidents [6]. Current piezo applications of multilayer generators can be found in wireless sensors, munitions and tire pressure sensors in vehicles. The output became small during longitudinal sitting after body raising, which was similar tendency to that of lateral sitting. The connection between the sensor and the charge amplifier must be transmitted using a special low-noise cable. Moreover, it is a challenging task to absorb characteristic variation of sensors used only for fixed thresholds. This performance measure addressed that this system has both high performance and reliability. It can even be used as a pyroelectric sensor and in laser beam profiling sensors for more advanced applications. For evaluation of our developed sensor system, a similar experimental environment was set as a clinical site. For solving abovementioned problems of various types, this chapter presents an unrestrained and cost-effective sensor system regarding QoL. The MX 16 Gas Sensor from Teledyne Gas and Fire Detection, Colour Changing ‘Smart Labels’ Will Help Ensure that Face Masks Keep People Safe in Hospitals and Medical Centres, New Project Aims to Re-Define Sensing and Analysis of Hypersonic Vehicles, Wearable Sensors Could Help Perform Tests to Reduce COVID-19 Detection Time, New Liquid Bandage Measures Oxygen Levels in Transplanted Tissues, New Ice Sensor Efficiently Detects Ice Build-Up on Aircraft, Wind Turbines, Plant-Based Sensor Detects Arsenic Levels in Real Time, Agricultural Gas Sensors for Controlling CO2 Emissions, Protecting Battery Rooms with a Hydrogen Gas Detector, Flowmeter Miniaturization: Advantages and Disadvantages. Longitudinal sitting: sitting longitudinally on the bed after rising. However, an important limitation of this system is that it is used only for the lifting beds of that company’s products with installed actuators. Hatsukari et al. Active piezoelectric sensors are used for thickness gauge, flow sensor. Our sensor system was evaluated in an environment that represents a clinical site. In microphones, the sound pressure is converted into an electric signal and this signal is ultimately amplified to produce a louder sound. Ultrasonic Distance Sensors. Although the bed equips an actuator used for back-panel reclining, this function was not used for the experiment. Piezoelectric actuators are applied in Diesel fuel injectors, optical adjustment, Ultrasonic cleaning and welding. The experimentally obtained result revealed that the mean recognition accuracy for seven behavior patterns was 75.5%. Moreover, the signal peaks, which were equivalent to peaks of the R wave, were counted to assess the side sleeping behavior. The recognition accuracies were calculated as a ratio of the number of ground truth (GT) labels and the number of category labels in each behavior pattern that reached the maximum of responses during 20 s. Recognition accuracies of respective subjects and positions for seven patterns (%). For our method, mapping units were assigned as one dimension because of using it for vector quantization on clustering. Figure 7 depicts time-series output signals obtained from the nine sensors. The sensor discharges in the pico-coulombs, which is why the cable must be well protected and be specifical- They repeated the behavior sequences of seven patterns for five times. It is impossible to monitor numerous subjects simultaneously and is unrealistic for a few operators or medical staff members if they observe images directly. The sensor system requires no calibration. In tension and compression applications, two or more quartz crystals are usually used as piezoelectric elements. This linear feature was reported by Shimoi et al. The acceleration signal peak was obtained in the corresponding position on the ECG. Units, which are assigned to the seventh label as left from the bed, are distributed in the cluster of units labeled sitting. Picoactuator® Piezoelectric Crystal The motion of the Picoactuator® piezo crystals is highly linear and almost hysteresis-free and consequently suited for high-dynamics applications. Anton Paar’s range of inline CO2 sensors provide accurate, continuous measurement for CO2. Various methods have been proposed for machine-learning algorithms. Moreover, this watch-type sensor decreases QOS when worn on an arm during sleeping because of the necessity for a subject to be restrained. The piezoelectric ceramics-based acceleration sensors have advanced sensitivity. The output characteristics were calculated using our prototype sensors obtained from this peak voltage obtained for this test. The vj,k,ltare weights from a Grossberg layer unit ll=1L∈L)to a mapping layer unit jkat time t. vi,j,ktand its neighborhood units inside Nj,ktare updated based on the following Grossberg-learning algorithm. Output signal patterns and their intensity differ in each subject and each trial. The recognition accuracies of leaving and lateral sitting were 95.0 and 53.3%, respectively. Therefore, a cost-effective system can be provided as requiring no maintenance related to replacement of a battery. In addition to the above applications, piezoelectric films are used in musical instruments, bearing wear sensors, machine monitoring, acoustic emission, fluid level sensors, and ultrasound applications. Therefore, 35 pattern datasets were obtained in each subject. Piezoelectric Effect The ability of a piezoelectric material to convert a mechanical stress into electrical charge is called a Piezoelectric Effect. Most voltage output remained near the offset value because no voltage output when no load change was given without bending. As a transducer, the piezoelectric film can be molded into unique designs and can also be glued with commercial adhesives. Regarding the reliability and perspective of management, clip sensors are insufficient to prevent falling from a bed completely. Lateral sitting: sitting laterally on the bed after turning the body from longitudinal sitting. Recognition results are presented as corresponding labels. Frequently, original sensor signals include much noise, which decreases the recognition accuracy and increases calculation costs. Labels 1–7 denote face-up sleeping, right sleeping left sleeping, longitudinal sitting, lateral sitting, terminal sitting, and left the bed. Noise removing result using SOM (pillow sensor, X axis). Literature Review of Piezoelectric Sensor for Energy Applications. Patients are protected from injury or accidents caused by falling from the bed if our sensor system can detect such phenomena before leaving completely. For this matrix, the number of correct images is assigned to the diagonal cells that are marked as boiled numbers. Piezoelectric film is a strong, lightweight and flexible plastic, which comes in a wide range of thicknesses and areas. Block diagram of our proposed system and assignment of our developed sensors on the bed. The devices or sensors that are used for this process are called as the piezoelectric sensors. However, weights between the input layer and the mapping layer and neighborhood regions are changed respectively to wi,j,ktand Nj,ktbecause of the use of a two-dimensional mapping layer. However, the results contained a shortcoming to demonstrate a global tendency in light of relations to temporary arousals during sleep. Figure 1. The assignment of six pad sensors was S1 and S2 for the shoulder part, S3 and S4 for hip part, and S5 and S6 for the terminal part. Along with the longevity in our society, labor shortages will be severe, especially at hospitals, nursing homes, and nursing care facilities [1]. Therein, S0